The design and construction of earth and rockfill dams are complex. Zone 2 support the concrete faces processed granular materials. In case of concrete face rockfill dams cfrd, the main concern for the safety is the deformation of the concrete face slab. Missouri university of science and technology scholars mine. The techniques combine the use of robotic total stations rts and global. It is possible to combine the expression for p defined by equation 3. The deformation and contact behavior between concrete face and rockfill are important to the safety of concrete face rockfill dams. Icold 1989b, rockfill dams with concrete facing state of the art. Concrete face rockfill dam draft cfrd international society hereby organized cfrd experts from relative countries for comprehensive summing up the experiences of constructions of world concrete face rockfill dam cfrd and studied the technical problems occurred recent years in the constructions of world high and very high cfrds, and presented the. Pdf behaviour of concreteface rockfill dam on sand and gravel.
Analysis of stress and deformation of rockfill and concrete. Dams dams differ from all other major civil engineering structures in a number of important regards. Pdf an increasing number of dams are being built on deep sand and gravel foundations. Overview of manual the objective of this manual is to present guidance on the design, construction, and performance monitoring of and modifications to embankment. The dam height can be increased merely by dumping more rock behind the impervious diaphragm without interfering with or encroaching on the reservoir.
It is shown that the rockfill deforms under the water pressure and weight, and the concrete face is compressed. Factors influencing the stress conditions, the strength. Prepared by the ussd committee on materials for embankment dams. Pdf behavior of concretefaced rockfill dams during.
The inherent features of concrete face rockfill dams and the tr end of building higher dams have been recently questioned by three recent incidents where major dams have experienced significant cracking in the central portion of the dam after the first filling. Dragados is a world leader in the development of waterrelated projects, having built over 250 dams and hydroelectric power generation plants all over the world, in fifteen countries and four continents the company is internationally renowned for the implementation of the latest specialized technologies in the construction of dam and water projects. The 187m high masjedesoleiman clay core rockfill dam forms part of a 1,000mw hydropower scheme. Construction problems with an earth and rockfill dam. China now has 39 concrete faced rockfill dams in operation. Geocomposite specialty materials that combine two or more geosynthetics, such. Yele asphalt concrete core rockfill dam yele hydropower project is located in mianning county of liangshan prefecture and shimian county of yaan city, sichuan province.
Worst case factors of safety as a function of exit gradient for dams in. Concrete face rockfill dams cfrds are gaining a worldwide recognition as the most economical type of dams to be constructed in extreme northern and subantarctic regions. An overall introduction to concrete face rockfill damscfrd 1. Concrete faced rockfill dams in china international. If you need to print pages from this book, we recommend downloading it as a pdf.
Kinematic analysis of behavior of large earth dams anna szostakchrzanowski, canada michel massiera, canada adam chrzanowski, canada 1. The response of concrete slab on concretefaced rockfill cfr dams is very. References required and related publications are listed in appendix a. Mitigation measures evaluation for concrete faced rockfill. Design and construction of earth and rock fill dams. Seismic response analysis of face slabs in concrete face rockfill dams. June 2012, 64 pages cfrd concrete faced rockfill dam construction becomes more frequent recently. Concrete faced rockfill dams identifying the need the design and construction of concrete faced rockfill dams cfrd has improved substantially during the last 40 years. Robotic total stations rts and global positioning system gps. Dams constructed of soil, of rock, or of a combination of soil and rock are called embankment dams.
Technical progress on researches for the safety of high. The dam was constructed between 1996 and 2001 and impounding commenced in late 2000. A number of rockfill dams and concrete faced rockfill dams cfrds have been constructed in near faults regions which are vulnerable to earthquakes. Discussion of fortuna concrete face rockfill dam by d. The gouhou dam was a concretefaced rockfill dam built in a steep. Concrete and masonry dams the national academies press. Concrete face rockfill dams cfrds are gaining a worldwide recognition as. The rockfill dam with an upstream diaphragm is very well adapted to stage construction. This consulting guide presents details and analyses of twentyeight large crfd dams worldwide, including the highest dam in the world. During construction, settlement of the fine and coarse filters and the rock fill may induce tensile. The dam types considered are rccd roller compacted concrete dams and cfrd concrete faced rockfill dams. Central thin membrane upstream thin membrane or deck unbonded or dry masonry. This is the category for concreteface rockfill cfrd dams.
Mitigation measures evaluation for concrete faced rockfill dams. Concrete faced rockfill dams cfrds zones 1a and 1b protect the upstream concrete faces usually cohesionless silt or fine sand. Concrete faced rockfill dams cfrd have been widely used for multipurposes over the world. The body of the dam is usually divided into zones designated with numbers and letters. Foreword 1 scope 2 normative references 3 general 4 river diversion and flood control 4. Principles for design and construction crc press book this text methodically demonstrates the basic rules for the design criteria of earthfill and rockfill dams. The concept of a rockfill dam with an impervious face dates from the california gold rush of the 1860s and 1870s 1. Rockfill modulus and settlement of concrete face rockfill dams journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering september 2003 discussion of post. Study and monitoring the construction of a concrete face rockfill dam cfrd andre serrano instituto superior tecnico av.
Concrete face rockfill dam compared to roller compacted. Despite the occurrence of some leakage problems, salt springs dam has been operating since 1931. Understanding the behaviour of cfrds is critical to the design and. Based on the monitoring data of shanxi concrete face rockfill dam, the stress of concrete face, deformation of rockfill and facing joints were studied. Placing the rockfill embankment in stratified layers, with the larger rocks in the bottom of each layer, is desirable practice. Twelve chapters provide specialist information on concepts, desig. Foundation preparation for rcc dams founded on difficult foundation conditions by. The dam at itaipu is made up by a central stretch of a hollow gravity concrete dam, a mass concrete gravity section housing the river diversion facilities, and two wings to the right and left of the central stretch formed by concrete buttress structures, adding up to a length of 3472 m and, on both sides, earthfill and rockfill dams closing the. The rockfill dams were constructed with impervious membrane faces until earth core designs began to be developed about 1940 cooke, 1984. Embankment dams are most economical where the materials at the dam site can be used to construct the embankment with little or no processing. Rcc dams, normally designed as traditional gravity structures similar to conventional concrete dams, require treatment of the foundation rock in accordance with generally. Behavior of concrete faced rockfill dams and assesment of current analysis methodologies erdogan, emrah ergan m. Small embankment dams can be built of a single type of soil, which must hold back. The main idea of this method is to combine either the penalty method or the.
Analysis of stress and deformation of rockfill and. On rockfill concrete face dams design, construction and performance. The intuitive use by knowhow in rock blasting works led oftenly to the construction of timber face rockfill dams, to store water for the sluicing operations. The seismic behavior of the concrete slab in concretefaced rockfill dams cfrd is investigated, considering concrete slabcushion layer interface effect. Construction deformation of rockfill dams by ronald p. Earth and rockfill dams became popular in the 1960s primarily because of increased heights of dams, poor foundation conditions that rule out concrete dams, and. Importantly, a number of hazards may combine to cause failure of a dam and some will. Concrete face rockfill dams, 2010, 406 pages, paulo. The concrete face will transfer the water pressure to the rocks and finally to the dam foundation. Guide for design and construction of concrete face. Asphaltic concrete face rockfill dams are those in which this material is used as the impervious element. Concreteface rockfill dams allcons double winch carriage series ww2 and ws2 special winch carriage, optimized for concrete slab finishing on rockfilldams and short canal passages, with two separately controllable winch drums, each with increased gear ratio. Cao keming and zhuang wenzhong discuss the design and construction of these dams chinas first concrete faced rockfill dam cfrd was at kekeya. The concrete face rockfill dam cfrd is a type of dam widely constructed nowadays.
Threedimensional analysis of water infiltration into the. Kinematic analysis of behavior of large earth dams shaping the change xxiii fig congress munich, germany, october 8, 2006 114. Dynamic analysis of concrete faced rockfill dams considering dam foundation interaction effects mazda irani, department of civil and environmental engineering, university of alberta, edmonton, alberta, canada abstract many engineers commonly design concrete faced rockfill dams cfrd without considering earthquake ground motions. A study on concrete faced rockfill dams usq eprints. Concrete face rockfill dams presents the stateoftheart of dam design and construction. Three dams in panama are some of the international projects that vattenfall is involved in. Nonlinear finite element reliability analysis of concretefaced. Mechanical behavior of rockfill materials application to concrete. Foundation preparation for rcc dams founded on difficult. The instrumentation installed at the dam was designed to meet international. The rockfill dams were constructed with impervious membrane faces until earth core. Concrete faced rockfill dams cfrds are one type of embankment dams that are built with compacted rockfill in layers or lifts and covered with concrete slabs at the upstream face as part of an impermeable barrier for the water. Introduction concrete face rockfill dams cfrds are gaining a worldwide recognition as the most economical type of dams to be constructed in extreme northern and subantarctic regions.
The fibres combine with the bitumen to decrease its. Crest settlements are relatively low, and decrease in rate rapidly after the first few years. Foundation preparation for rcc dams founded on difficult foundation conditions by paul c. Icold 2006, concrete face rock fill dams, concepts. The concrete face rockfill dam cfrd has become a preferred dam type, but its design remains largely based on past experiences. General design and construction considerations for earth and.
Construction deformation of rockfill dams journal of. Concrete face rockfill dams cfrds are now constructed with great frequency throughout the world 1. The ussd committee on materials for embankment dams has prepared this white paper on materials for embankment dams. The construction of cfrd involves placing the highergrade rock at the dam core, and compacting them to their maximum strength. Therefore, for a given cfrd and earthquake, total settlement of the dam with empty reservoir is larger than the settlement of the dam with full. This text methodically demonstrates the basic rules for the design criteria of earthfill and rockfill dams. Zhou j, yang z, editors proceedings of the 2014 symposium on safety research on concrete face rockfill dam and the technical progress of softrock damming. Reinforced concrete slabs replaced timber as the impervious element for higher and permanent dams in.
Factor of safety as a function of exit gradient for dams in parametric study with hb c 0. Masjedesoleiman dam instrumentation paul j williams, halcrow group limited synopsis. The paper provides an outline of important points that need to be recognized and understood when selecting material for use in embankment dams. Materials for embankment dams united states society on dams. Safety of cfrds depends on the proper design, construction, and monitoring of actual behaviour during the construction and during. A reinforced concrete slab is then constructed at the upstream face of the dam. It expertly guides the reader from preliminary work through the design of various embankment dams and on to the construction and finally the control of safety in completed structures. Modes of dam failure and monitoring and measuring techniques. Associate professor of civil engineering, tennessee technological university, cookeville, tennessee. Earth and rockfill dams became popular in the 1960s primarily because of increased. The dam is then made watertight by continuing the impervious face upward. This type of dam has proven to be a safe structure long term and is well suited to withstand static and dynamic earthquake loading.
This standard is revised according to requirement of notice aboutpreparation of industry standards and project plan in 2005 by general office of the national developmentand reform commissiondocument with reference no. Concrete face rockfill dams cfrds are becoming a widely used type of rockfill. Pages in category concrete face rockfill dams the following 115 pages are in this category, out of 115 total. Pdf utilizing fiber reinforced concrete as the concrete. The outer slopes both upstream and downstream are 1,4. Utilizing fiber reinforced concrete as the concrete face of rockfill dams vol. Specification for concrete face rockfill dam construction. Zone 3b resists water pressure and controls face deflection. Unfortunately, this book cant be printed from the openbook. Concrete face rockfill dams 1st edition paulo teixeira da.
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